Mulvey's Analysis of Visual Structure Extended to Consider Racial Essay

Mulvey's Analysis of Visual Structure Extended to Consider Racial Difference - Essay Example Her work was roused by hypotheses introduced by Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan (Mulvey 836). She joined their hypotheses as â€Å"political weapons† (Mulvey 833) into her own work. In view of these ideas, she fought that customary Hollywood film place the watcher in a manly subject circumstance; and ladies are portrayed as negligible objects of appreciation. Customary Hollywood film cultivated onlookers to identify with the legend, clearly a man. She states (Mulvey 837): â€Å"In their customary grandstander job ladies are at the same time took a gander at and showed, with their appearance coded for solid visual and sensual effect so they can be said to indicate to-be-took a gander at-ness. Lady showed as sexual item is the leit-theme of suggestive exhibition: from pin-ups to striptease, from Ziegfeld to Busby Berkeley, she holds the look, plays to and connotes male want. Standard film flawlessly consolidated scene and narrative.† On the other hand, Mulvey states that ladies were â€Å"to-be-took a gander at-ness† (Mulvey 837). She considered two essential jobs in which guys translated female characters during this period. These were â€Å"voyeuristic† and â€Å"fetishist†. ... What's more, that she had not borne as a primary concern that the effect of a women's activist job may be distinctive on indiscriminate or hetero onlookers. Besides, she neglected to represent media crowd explores identified with fans and their interface with famous people. Mulvey wrote in reply that the motivation behind her composing was to incite however and present novel ideas rather than a consistent scholastic work. Be that as it may, her perspectives were somewhat adjusted on certain issues as shown in her resulting article â€Å"Afterthoughts on Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema†. For the most part, the depiction of blacks in Hollywood film and their clear cut nonappearance in films prompts judgment by onlookers. Ordinarily, dark onlookers abstain from recognizing themselves with portrayed characters and even restrict the persuading components regarding films. Most articles, for example, Mulvey’s ‘Imaginary Signifier by Christian Metz’, ‘Di fference’ by Stephen Heath and such rotated around issues of gendered viewership. Manohla Dargis and A.O. Scott have introduced an eye catching investigation of the embodiment of blacks in Hollywood in their article named â€Å"How the Movies Made a President† (Dargis and Scott). They show the improvement of characters relegated to blacks during the earlier decades â€Å"from the ghetto to the meeting room, from supporting jobs in kitchens, uniforms, and social-issue motion pictures to the thin culmination of the Hollywood A-list†. This draws consideration towards the pivotal likeness between how blacks are designated cliché and consigned jobs and how ladies experienced comparable unfavorable treatment. In spite of the fact that, the generalizing in characters is diverse for the two gatherings; however basically it speaks to the

UFOs Essay -- essays research papers

UFOs      "Little Green Men", "Martians", "Outer Limits" ! That is what individuals consider when outsiders and UFOs ring a bell. Outsiders have been near, as far as should be obvious, since 1561. The inquiry is presently posed, How come on the grounds that they [UFOs] have been located, experienced, and abducted; Why have we been kept in obscurity by our administrations? "Since UFOs were viewed as a security hazard, the report on these sightings was initially named mystery (Kadrey 22)." The name 'flying saucer' was 'authored' by an Air Force pilot in 1947, when he expressed that he had saw something that resembled a 'flying saucer'. "The government thought about UFOs and have been following them since 1947, which is to be accepted when the 'Age of UFOs' begun (Stacey 55). In this way, through the following pages the hypothesis that UFOs are genuine due to confirm the legislature has concealed, the quantity of sightings, and the uncountable number of kidnappings, will turn into a reality.      The first explanation that will be tended to, is the mystery and Government coverup of UFOs.      "National Security Agency, or NSA, an abbreviation frequently expected by insiders to signify 'SAY Nothing' , (Stacey 40) " has been accused for many UFO legislative concealments around the country. "Our issue is with government mystery, since it enlarges the hole among residents and the administration, making it substantially more hard to take part in the vote based procedure (Stacey 40)," says Steven Aftergood while tending to UFO mystery. The UFO mystery, or as it is some time ago know as the "'Cosmic Watergate' : the continuous conceal of the administration's information about extraterrestrial UFOs and their earthly exercises (Stacey 36)" is accepted to be begun during the Nixon organization, which is still under alot of examination. The Nixon Organization additionally settled the Freedom of Information Act [FOIA] in the 1970s', it made the way for alot of truth and more coverups. " I don't figure they would do a 300-page report on all that they detect," says Joe Stefula who is a UFO specialist. The "military would far rather have individuals accuse such things for flying saucers than them (Brookesmith 14). "      Several mystery UFO Projects ... ...ng reclaimed on board the UFO and flown (with her vehicle too on board) back to the site of the kidnapping. (Brookesmith 108) "      In end, I accept that UFOs, Aliens, EBEs, or whatever you call them; do have the way in to our future in the presence of humankind. In spite of the fact that, mystery settlements with our administrations may not actually get what we need, we can battle back. Lets bounce back for a second and ask ourselves an inquiry now: What on the off chance that we were in a similar situation, wouldn't we need ourselves to be sound as well, and take what we need? On the off chance that we take a gander at the outsiders activities from their viewpoint, what they are doing is actually what we are doing to ourselves by annihilating the o- zone layer. So for what reason wouldn't they be able to do likewise to us? I feel that the proposal to demonstrate the presence of UFOs as expressed that Government coverups do represent a danger to the truth and national security of our nation, UFO sightings and kidnappings do present a danger as of now and we should be prepared at all chances to uncover the Government what's more, The outsiders.                          The End.

How to Write the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Supplement 2019-2020 TKG

How to Write the University of North Carolina â€" Chapel Hill Supplement 2019-2020 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is in, you guessed it, the beautiful town of Chapel Hill in the wonderful state of North Carolina. A public research university, UNC offers affordable in-state tuition, so if you are a North Carolinian already, it’s definitely worth a look. It isn’t an easy school to get into, though. Only about 24% of students who apply are invited to join the 19,000 strong undergraduate student body. If you go, you’ll join the likes of sports greats like Michael Jordan and Mia Hamm, and great-greats like doctor-turned-comedian Ken Jeong. UNC kept things simple this year by having the same supplement as last year. Luckily, we think it’s a pretty great one! In the supplement, they ask you to pick two of four prompts and answer each in 200-250 words. Below, we break down each prompt to help you choose the best ones for you and ace your answers. Tell us about a peer who has made a difference in your life.This isn’t a bad prompt, but we wouldn’ t go so far as saying that it one of our favorite choices out of the four. This disappoints some people because it’s a pretty easy one to tackle. People usually write about their, grandmother, siblings, or best friend. Unfortunately, these are people we generally ask our students not to write about. Why? Because it’s distracting.If you are going to introduce secondary characters (aka anyone other than you) into your application, you need to be able to reflect yourself off of them. As the adage goes, you are who you hang out with. Or, in this case, you are who you write about. If you insist on going with this prompt, you also need to avoid writing about anyone within the framework of you helping them or providing them with something. UNC wants to know how someone has made a difference in your life, not how you tried to make a difference in theirs.   What do you hope will change about the place where you live?We really like this question. It offers the perfect opportunity to go fr om a macro idea to a micro example. Think about a big problem and then zoom in on your community and examine how it applies where you live. Maybe homelessness is a big issue around you, and you hope that better housing services will be created to serve that population, or perhaps farmers are being squished out for subdivisions, and you hope your community will rally around farmers while pressing for property tax controls to help keep family farms in business. Looking local is critical here, but you don’t need to think too small scale. You also don’t need to get granular. While you are answering, remember that they didn’t ask you how. They asked you what. They don’t expect you to draft up a proposal and budget. Allow yourself to be a little idealistic and to envision a better future without the tether of how you’d pay for it. What is one thing that we don’t know about you that you want for us to know?We told you we liked this supplement. This is such a stellar place for h umor. If you pick this prompt, embrace it fully. Be earnest and be playful. Write about something that you love to do that is nowhere else in your application. Do you love to make homemade pizza? Awesome. Do you write poetry about pigeons? That’s curious, but you can work with it. Allow yourself to be fully yourself here. They want to know something that isn’t anywhere else, so have fun with it.  What about your background, or what perspective, belief, or experience, will help you contribute to the education of your classmates at UNC?We are iffy about this question. It’s awesome to have a diversity question, but it can also be a bit of a trap. When simplified down to its essence, it’s asking “how has your background changed you?” If you choose to go this route, we recommend picking something about yourself to focus on that is not physically visible. We like to start by examining what things in your family life or lived experiences have shaped your belief system â€" and then we dig into the ones that resonate most.  The biggest caution that we can give is to not fall back on tragedy. Bad things do shape us, but when you are writing an application, you want to coach the reader into envisioning your successful future. That can be really tough if you use precious words to focus on tragic experiences. Challenges are good, hardship can be woven into beautiful stories, but wallowing in tragedy can weigh an application down. Try to focus on the positive things that have shaped you into the awesome person that you are. And if you’ve gotten this far, you’re well on your way to your next chapter.    We’re good at talking through ideas. Let us know if you need help.

Draft Business Plan Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1446 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Executive summary Spice Man aims to establish itself as a B2B focused company specialising in the distribution of premium organic specialty Asian cooking sauces in the UK. It aims to capitalize on the growing consumer demand for quality healthy food and the UKs love of Asian food in particular. The company has secured funds and warehouse/office facilities and its founder has already negotiated the sale of 5,000 cases each, for the four leading specialty Asian supermarkets across the UK. Contents Executive summary p.1 Mission statement p.2 The product mix p.2 Productp.2 Pricing p.2 Place p.2 Promotionp.3 SWOT market overview p.3 Strengthsp.3 Weaknessesp.4 Opportunitiesp.4 Threats p.5 Competitorsp.5 Operational channels p.6 Finance strategy p.6 Spice Man assets p.6 Budgeting sales p.7 Expenses/Overheads p.7 Human resources strategy p.7 Summaryp.8 Referencesp.8 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Draft Business Plan Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order Mission statement Spice Man is a B2B distributor of premium quality organic Asian cooking sauces to the specialty supermarket sector, in four key areas across the UK. Spice Man aims to fill a clear gap in the market and cater for growing customer demand for high quality, healthy premium Asian sauces. The product Mix Product The product concept: †¢ Premium quality specialty imported South East Asian cooking sauces †¢ The USPs of the product: organic luxury ingredients and completely authentic recipes developed by top specialist chefs The types of sauce include: †¢ Rendang sauce and fried rice sauce from Indonesia †¢ Curry noodle sauce from Thailand †¢ Curry sauce for fish and one for lamb from Malaysia Pricing †¢ The average cost to Spice Man of a case of 12 jars of any of these sauces, including cost of shipping insurance and freight (CIF) for arrival at Southampton is estimated at  £6.80 †¢ The RRP of  £2.49 would produce  £1.92 profit per jar and the hoped for 100% mark-up on products would mean that Spice Man would sell its products to an intermediary for  £1.25, producing 67.8p profit †¢ Of the initial stock of 35,000 cases, Spice Man needs to sell the vast majority 84%, at the full retail price in order to break even Place/distribution †¢ The distribution of Spice Mans products will be to up-market speciality supermarkets in London, Bradford, Manchester and Birmingham (key Asian food hubs). This could be challenging as ‘dealing with new suppliers has unpredictable aspects †¢ Spice Man will use its new warehouse in Southampton, to stock products. Delivery will be handled initially by a logistics firm. If things develop well, Spice Man hopes to invest in its own delivery vehicles, plus drivers. Promotion †¢ The sauces will be branded with ‘Spice Man labels stressing the organic, authentic nature of the products †¢ Although the focus is B2B, Spice Man also aims to promote the launch of his new sauces in ethnic minority based newspapers. Research has shown that in relation to grocery shopping, the majority of ethnic consumers found this to be an important source of food information SWOT Market Overview Strengths †¢ The UKs diverse population and the growth of worldwide travel have developed the UKs taste for Asian cooking sauces and this trend is set to continue †¢ Asian food has an image of being healthy and quick and easy to prepare, as a result the oriental grocery food market is worth  £146m with a growth of 4% year on year. Indonesian food has grown 82% in value since 2007. †¢ 8 out of 10 UK households buy a cooking sauce at least once every year, with the average shopper buying once every three weeks †¢ There are few equivalent products available Weaknesses †¢ The retail price of Spice Mans sauces is relatively high at  £2.49 per jar and in todays difficult economic climate customers may prefer cheaper, trusted products †¢ There is strong competition from other ethnic food markets such as the Italian food sector in the UK, which has the largest market share and is worth  £324m and grows by 8.7% each year 3 †¢ Consumer interest in health has encouraged some customers to stop using ready-made sauces 4 Opportunities †¢ The cooking sauce market will grow by 7% by 2011 4 †¢ Key competitor markets are under pressure e.g. sales are static in the Indian food sector 3 †¢ More shoppers with children are buying, as are up-market shoppers and customers under 28 years old. There is also growing consumer demand for higher quality, greater nutritional value and more convenient formats. This could offer communications opportunities for Spice Man to differentiate itself from its mass of competition. Threats †¢ The competition is fierce in the Asian cooking sauce market and new, competitively priced products are being introduced all the time Competitors The competition is strong in this market and new, competitively priced products are continually being introduced. Key brands in competition with Spice Man: †¢ Sharwoods quality brand, Red Thai sauce  £1.57 †¢ Lloyd Grossman premium brand at  £2.09 per jar †¢ Supermarket own brands high quality yet reasonably priced products such as Tesco Finest Thai curry sauce (Red or Green Thai) at only  £1.65. New variants include Finest Yellow Thai and Finest Laksa at  £1.49 †¢ Pataks Karai – quality mainstream sauce at  £1.57 †¢ Goldfish Curry sauce (specialty product)  £1.49 per container †¢ The Real Organics Food Company organic Thai cooking sauce at  £2.69 per jar (only currently available in the south of England) †¢ ‘Xotiq produces ambient South Eastern Asian meal kits which are distributed through independent grocer shops, butchers, delicatessens, farm shops and garden centers Operational channels Specialty supermarkets have been identified as the best retail outlets because: †¢ Such operations can be flexible in their terms and conditions, whereas mainstream supermarkets will want to impose conditions such as low promotional prices †¢ Specialty supermarkets already target the kind of customers that Spice Man sauces will appeal to Suitable outlets include: †¢ London Hoo Hing leading independent supermarket network and delivery service †¢ Birmingham Sing Fat Chinese supermarket and wholesalers †¢ Manchester Win Yip and Woo Sang supermarkets †¢ Bradford the Pride Asia supermarket chain Sales agreements have been established with these stores with each taking an initial stock of 5,000 cases. Finance strategy Spice Man assets: †¢  £100,000 in seed capital to invest in the initial stock †¢ Further  £350,000 loan secured from a high street bank Budgeted sales: †¢ Spice Man hopes to make 67.8p profit per jar. If it sells all its initial stock, it will make an overall profit of  £284,760 (on 420,000 jars) Initial Expenses/Overheads The following cost must be deducted from any profit made: †¢ Initial stock of 35,000 cases, then future stock †¢ Premises rental of small warehouse in Southampton with tiny onsite office †¢ Power (light, heat, electricity, gas) †¢ Telephone †¢ Insurance †¢ Transport cost of goods plus insurance (inbound and outbound) †¢ Postage †¢ B2B Marketing and advertising †¢ Interest and bank charges payable †¢ Office stationery †¢ Founders salary †¢ Equipment hire for example, a small fork lift truck to receive and send on, cases of sauce †¢ Training budget specialist training in for example fork lift truck driving, health and safety etc. †¢ Petrol expenses – for sales visits to potential clients †¢ Expert fees including accountancy, lawyers etc. †¢ Depreciation office and warehouse materials and eventually delivery fleet †¢ Tax Human Resources Strategy †¢ The founder of the company is Indonesian and fluent in relevant Asian languages and English. He also has a track record in the food sales business as he was a successful Asian sauces salesman for Europe. He has the relevant skills to launch such a business and he will be the sole staff member in the short-term. †¢ As a distributer Spice Man will need to develop strong working relationships with three sets of key customers including suppliers of the sauces (based in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia), logistics partners and the eventual retailers of his product †¢ In the longer-term Spice Man hopes to employ staff including a sales force, warehouse packers, delivery drivers and a finance expert Summary Spice Man has already secured promising distribution deals in its key marketplaces across the UK. It has the human, financial and operational capacity to launch the business but will need to ensure that the quality of its products and service is top class, in order to cement the strong business relationships it needs to succeed as a B2B operator. References: Bainbridge, J., 2007. Sector insight: Cooking sauces sauces gain from premium push. Marketing, 24th January, pp.102 Cripps, P. 2009. Morrisons debut for northeast curry maker Maysan. The Grocer. [Online]. Available at: https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/articles.aspx?page=articlesID=198842. [Accessed 29th April 2009] Ford, R., 2009. Kitted out for an Xotic evening. The Grocer. [Online]. Available at: https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/articles.aspx?page=articlesID=198732. [Accessed: 30th April 2009] Hutt, M., Speh, T., 2009. Business Marketing Management. 9th edition. Thomson South Western. Mclleland, F., 2009. Ethnic foods offer convenience retailers variety. The Grocer. [Online]. Available at: https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/articles.aspx?page=articlesID=198830. [Accessed 29th April 2009] Omar, O. 2004. Food shopping behaviour among ethnic and non-ethnic communities in Britain. Journal of food products marketing, 10 (4), 39-57

Conjugating Chérir in French

Its likely that you know the French expression mon chà ©ri,  meaning my darling. Similarly, the verb  chà ©rir  means to cherish, so this should be an easy word to learn.   Conjugating the French Verb  Chà ©rir In French, verbs must be conjugated to express the past, present, or future tense. They must also match the subject pronoun, so the ending for I cherish is different than that for we cherish. This makes French conjugations more challenging than in English, but it will get easier as you learn more verbs. Chà ©rir  is a  regular -ir verb  and it follows a prescribed pattern in the conjugations. First, you must recognize the verbs stem, which is  cher-. Then, you will add the appropriate ending. For instance, I cherish adds an -is  to create je chà ©ris. Likewise, we cherish adds -issons  to create nous chà ©rissons. As you begin to recognize these common -ir  endings, you can apply them to similar verbs like  accomplir  (to accomplish) and  abolir  (to abolish). Subject Present Future Imperfect je chris chrirai chrissais tu chris chriras chrissais il chrit chrira chrissait nous chrissons chrirons chrissions vous chrissez chrirez chrissiez ils chrissent chriront chrissaient The Present Participle of  Chà ©rir The  present participle  of chà ©rir  is  chà ©rissant. This change is done by adding an -ant  to the stem  chà ©r-. This form is very versatile because you can use it as an adjective, gerund, or noun as well as a verb. The Passà © Composà © and Past Participle A  common way to express the past tense in French is with the passà © composà ©. For this form, you will conjugate  avoir, the  auxiliary verb,  for the subject, then attach the  past participle  chà ©ri. For example, I cherished is jai chà ©ri and we cherished is nous avons chà ©ri. More Simple  Chà ©rir  Conjugations As you learn more French, you may find uses for the subjunctive verb mood when the verbs action is uncertain. Likewise, the conditional verb mood is used when the action is dependent on something. In rare instances, you might come across the passà © simple or the imperfect subjunctive. These are primarily found in literature and you should be able to recognize them. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je chrisse chrirais chris chrisse tu chrisses chrirais chris chrisses il chrisse chrirait chrit chrt nous chrissions chririons chrmes chrissions vous chrissiez chririez chrtes chrissiez ils chrissent chriraient chrirent chrissent The imperative verb form is used for short exclamations. When using it, skip the subject pronoun and say the verb alone: chà ©ris rather than tu chà ©ris. Imperative (tu) chris (nous) chrissons (vous) chrissez

Case Study Health Law And Policy - 986 Words

Essay Module 9 Intro to Health Law and Policy Fall 2014 Nancy Vincent TO: Hospital Board of Directors FROM: Office of the General Counsel RE: CEO Compensation Per the CEO’s anticipated renewal of his contract, the CEO has provided this Office with data the CEO personally obtained concerning salaries of the CEOs of other hospitals in the area. The CEO has requested that he participate on the committee to determine his compensation package, and specifically to participate in determining his own fair market value. Both the data and the CEO’s request to be on the relevant committee are problematic. This Office recommends that the CEO’s requests be denied, and that alternative measures be taken. Background The context for the issues presented is the effect of the CEO’s request upon the tax-exempt status of the Hospital. As a 501(c)(3) charitable organization, the Hospital must abide by basic requirements for the federal tax exemption by staying true to its charitable purpose. One of those requirements is that in order to be considered charitable, the Hospital cannot be seen to substantially benefit a private interest. There are two related prohibitions at work here: private inurement and private benefit. Private inurement is the more relevant prohibition, as it focuses on private benefits to those who are â€Å"insiders† (those who have a say in a hospital’s actions and decisions). The CEO would qualify as such an individual. A private benefit, by contrast, appliesShow MoreRelatedBill Is Violating Two Laws : Hipaa ( Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ) And Contract Law1277 Words   |  6 PagesIn this case study, I would say Bill is viola ting two laws: HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) and Contract Law. The reason Bill was in strict violation of HIPAA was because he was disclosing personal information of trauma patients to his attorney friend Anna in exchange for compensation. 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Performance Management of Organization

Question: Outline and Analyse the Problems Confronting CCC in the Short and Long term and offer Recommendations for their Resolution. Answer: Introduction: According to Van Dooren, Bouckaert and Halligan (2015) the process through which any organization systematically and strategically sets some objectives and manages their resources to reach out to the objectives is known as performance management system of the organization (PMO). Through this system the organization also keeps on reviewing the existing system to find out any in-discrepancy within the system that might lead to the collapse of the same. The success of any organization lies in the ways in which it can adopt changes within itself to match up with the external environment and sustain in the business (Hvidman and Andersen 2013). It has been observed that introducing changes in the organization has neither been simple nor can be done overnight. It requires time and is often associated with hindrances posed by the employees and clients in their acceptability of the situation. Changes within an organization can take place in various ways namely, cultural change, technological and even administrative changes. The way in which the organization manages the change depends on the perspective from which the changes have been made. This report takes into consideration an organization named Coxs Container Company. This organization brought about a huge changes in their administrative department through PMOs by implementing central administrative system. At the initial level the report gives a brief idea about the company. Then the report moves on focusing the problems faced by the chosen organization. The problems have been categorized into short and long term issues. After identification of the issues faced by Cox Container Company (CCC), this report shifts its focus on the organizational behavioural theories that have been violated. This report then tries to provide some recommendations which if followed might help CCC to settle internal disputes and manage to bring itself back into a profitable line of business. Background of the Company: During the year 1946, Harold Cox established his business which involves manufacturing containers of different shapes, sizes and materials. His company came to be known as Cox Container Company or CCC (www.coxcontainer.com 2017). The business has been looked after by the members of the Cox family who occupies the positions in the higher managerial level of the company. The product range varies from large metal containers for shipping and transportation to medium and small sized plastic containers. Since its inception, being first of a kind company, this organization has experienced a steady growth in their business by capturing both national and international markets. The Cox family having a deep rooted connection with their society provides employment mostly to the ethnic minority group of the region thereby helping them to gain financial and political stability in the economy (Corbett 1994). Recently, CCC has reported to face problems in some of their business area. The crux of thi s report is to identify those issues and trying to solve through recommendation. Problems of Coxs Container Company: The Cox Company after its establishment in the year 1946 faced negligible hindrance in its mode of operation. It is only in recent times that it has been facing several issues in its mode of operation. The hindrances that the company has been facing in regular terms for the last 5 years can be broadly categorized under two sub-headings namely, the long term and the short term. Short Run Problems: The short-run problems are those adverse impacts that can be reduced within a short span of time by implementing proper methods and policies. They usually do not create deep-rooted impact on the company (Champoux 2016). Two short run problems that CCC is facing are as follows: Trust factor: It has already been stated that the company has been engaged in providing job opportunity to the ethnic minority group. As Harold Cox, the founder of the company declared his retirement and handed over the charge to the general manager Erica Wilson, the employees started having problems and trust issues. Erica Wilson tried to restructure the functioning of the company through systematic approach of centralization starting with the recruitment of managerial specialists for different segments of the organization. This sudden action of recruiting new managerial experts in different domain to guide and control the organization gave the senior worker a sense of de-motivation. They felt insulted but kept quiet. However, their motive was identified by the unexpected behaviour of Abdul Aziz, the senior level production manager of the company. Training issues: The Cox Container Company has been into business for several decades but there has been clear reflection of paucity of skills amongst the employees. Hence, when a new system was introduced they felt threatened and unable to cope up with the newer system. This inadequacy of managerial skills has been reflected in the behaviour of Abdul Aziz. According to his perspective maintain and securing the on-floor production is both a sufficient and necessary part of his job. His behaviour also portrayed that he do not have any interest in the changes in both the external and internal environment of the company. Long Run Problems: The long run problems are those which cannot be eradicated easily and are interconnected in such a way that changes in one component creates a chain reaction within the organization (Champoux 2016). Problem in Centralization: Under the rule of Harold Cox, the company operated with high degree of autonomy in each of the segment, especially in the production department. There has been lack of hierarchical structure in the management and financial department. With the introduction of the new system, Wilson tries to hire specialists who can look after the different segments and thereby the autonomy has been hampered. Through the new system, each department is going to have an managerial executive who is going to be responsible for reporting the happenings of the department to the higher order central authority. This system hampered the senior level employees ego. They felt that they have been questioned upon their reliability and authenticity. All the three factors described above were the internal issues that CCC has been facing recently. On other hand, the external issues that the company have been facing recently have been discussed below. Entry of new market: The case study suggests that the company has been facing degradation in the level of profit over the last 5 years. This plummet in the level of profit has not been due to rise in the production cost but due to the increased level of competition in the economy. Earlier during the initial years, Cox Container Company did not face any competition from other firms. With the advancement of technology and increase in the level of trade, there has been an increasing in demand for movement of goods and commodities and thereby many new companies have entered in the market to reap the benefit of the growing demand. However, this has created problem for CCC. Recommendations for Solving the Issues: Once the issues faced by CCC have been identified, the next step that any company is going to take is to find a suitable ways in which these issues can be resolved by making changes in the organizational behaviour. Identifying the mismatch within an organization can be the first step in introduction of changes. The mismatch can occur as a result of negligence of the worker, faulty management system, ignorance about the external environment by the employees, lack of integration within the system and so on. Here by using Leavitts Diamond Model the internal factors that triggered the necessity to implement the changes has been observed (Kortina 2016). Figure 1: Leavitt's Diamond Model Source: Created by the Author By following this Diamond model it can be identified that the problems triggered from the structural side. Initially CCC having autonomous sub-system within the entire system is now facing issues with adaptation of the centrally administered system. The people belonging to the organization that is the employees are unable to adapt with the circumstances neither are they able to protest against it. Hence, dissatisfaction among them is taking a toll in the task they perform and thereby reducing productivity while increasing internal strife. In this section of the report initially the theory of organizational behaviour has been discussed. In the following parts some recommendations have been provided which might help CCC in improving their present scenario. Problem solving techniques requires implementing organizational behaviour within the institute (Miner 2015). The organizational behaviour is the systematic way of studying the human behaviour and finding out ways in which the human beings behave within an organization and the ways in which inter organization reacts to the issues. As opined by Hellriegal and Slocum the success of any organization in the long term depends on proficiency of the employees and leaders within the organization (Curtley and Slocum 2016). The company having competitive advantage provides an effective organizational behaviour within any company. The organizational behaviour has been broadly categorised under three types namely, micro level, meso-level and macro level behaviour (Naylor, Pritchar d and Ilgen 2013). The micro level organization studies the ways in which an individual interacts within the organization. In the given case study, there is existence of micro-level organizational issues. The meso-level organization deals with the ways in which different work groups within the organization interacts and identifies the glitches faced by them in the interaction. After going through the organizational behaviour theory, the ways in which people behave and the reason behind their unusual behaviour can be understood (Pinder 2014). Organizational Behaviour Theory: Recently, it has been observed that the organizations have been implementing havoc changes within their internal environment in order to adapt with the pressure coming from outside. As a result of globalization, there has been a huge change in the technology used, the political pattern within and outside the organization, increase in the level of competition and regulatory condition. The theories relating to organizational behaviour can be broadly categorised under few categories namely, theories of intelligence, motivation, personality, perception, behaviour and attitudes. Since, it has been observed that in CCC the issues mostly arises from peoples side, hence the motivational theory is going to be appropriate for discussion. Maslows Heirarchy of Needs: Abraham Maslow proposed this famous theory of hierarchy of needs. According to his theory, peoples level of motivation moves through several stages. The stages identified by Maslow are formed into hierarchical level starting from psychological need at the base. The other stages are safety, belonging, esteem and self-actualization (Cherry 2015). The physiological needs are the things without which people cannot survive. These are food, water, breathing and sleep. Safety needs is another requirement that people must have so that they have mental stability. Safety can be ensured by providing personal, financial, health security. The other level includes feelings of belongingness and attachment. Self-esteem plays a crucial role in motivating people in their workplace (Wilson 2013). Implication of Theory into CCC: The employees of CCC lacks in self-esteem and their egos have been hurt. Their sentiments have been tampered by implementing the new system. They feel that their financial safety is at threat. According to the statement of Abdul Aziz it seems that he and the other employees felt that the newly introduced central administrative system have been busy trying to prove that the old system is full of flaws and their view is correct in managing and bringing in synchronization within the organization. He felt that since he has been able to handle the production process without any defect and deliver all the consignment within time, so the working system and culture that he follows is impeccable. In this case study Aziz can be considered as the spokesperson voicing out the grievance of the entire employees. From the theory of Maslow, it can be clearly understood that the employees have been stuck at the base level of the hierarchical need. Few employees have been able to reach the second hier archy but none was could reach out to the third stage and hence this outburst of grievance took place. Hence, under this situation, in order to bring back the confidence of the people on the company and ensure the fact that they are still an asset of the company few changes can be taken up on the companys part. The possible changes that might prove to be helpful in regaining the confidence back are given below: Improving Communication: The approach of the new managerial specialists should be such that the old employees can relate themselves with the higher officials. Spreading awareness: The old employees are indeed dedicated but ignorance in their understanding in the external environment causes all the problems. By making them aware of the ways in which competition has increased and the need for having a centralized system might have solved the problem. Skill Development: CCC can provide incentive to those employees who are willing to take up the necessary training in skill development. Administrative participation: The employees can be made to believe that they are part of the system by allowing them to take participation in administrative purpose. The company can take in their opinion and discuss with them any issues prior to directly taking any decision. Conclusion: After going through the case study and trying to understand the entire scenario it can be said that like any other organization Cox Container Company has started facing problems in their organization. The company has been able to maintain its position for so long since 1946. Four factors have been identified as the root of the chaotic situation that the company has been facing in the past 5 years. Three of them being internal factor has been justified using motivational theory as proposed by Maslow. The fourth factor being external to the company cannot be reduced by any theory and has to be dealt with by improving the efficiency and productive capacity of the company through the newly launched centralized system. This system has been facing several hurdles in its implementation but can surely be removed if few such recommendations that have been mentioned can be followed. References: Champoux, J.E., 2016.Organizational behavior: Integrating individuals, groups, and organizations. Routledge. Cherry, K., 2015. Hierarchy of needs.The Five Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. About. com Guide.| Link. Corbett, J.M., 1994.Critical cases in organisational behaviour. Macmillan. Cortina, J.M., 2016. Defining and operationalizing theory.Journal of Organizational Behavior,37(8), pp.1142-1149. Curley, A. and Slocum, J., 2016. Organizing a Startup Business According to Differentiation Strategy and Virtual Design. Exceeding Expectations. (2017). [online] Coxcontainer.com. Available at: https://www.coxcontainer.com/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2017]. Hvidman, U. and Andersen, S.C., 2013. The impact of performance management in public and private organizations.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, p.mut019. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Naylor, J.C., Pritchard, R.D. and Ilgen, D.R., 2013.A theory of behavior in organizations. Academic Press. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G. and Halligan, J., 2015.Performance management in the public sector. Routledge. Wilson, F.M., 2013.Organizational behaviour and work: a critical introduction. Oxford University Press.

Is using a variety of sources important in order t Essays

Is using a variety of sources important in order to fully understand a news story? Write with reference to your news story. Nobody can deny that the first and most important step when you write about a news story is gathering information about your topic. It is an undeniable fact that without details, sources, evidence, one's writing will not have the intended impact of informing the audience. When you do a research about a news story you have various types of sources at your disposal. Firstly you can perform investigations on print sources like books, magazines and newspapers. On the one hand they are more reliable sources but on the other hand they are more expensive. Alternately, nowadays with the widespread availability of the Internet, instant coverage of the news is the norm rather than the exception and has replaced TV and radio as the main source for information. The most important disadvantage of the Internet though is that the web posters are not always as careful to make sure that the information is accurate. As far as I am concerned about my type of news stories it is imperative to search for and gather as much information as possible, due to the fact that it is a specialized event. You have to take into account that the previously mentioned types of sources would not suffice. Since this news story is all about an immersive, full sensory experience in order to have an impact on the reader you have to experience it firsthand from the primary source. Taking the above analyzed into account it is vital to gather information from a variety of sources to get a complete and accurate picture of what you try to inform your reader about your news story.

Pragmatic Failure in Successful Communication

Pragmatic Failure in Successful Communication Introduction Successful communication is a desirable result of every person, who is participating in the discourse. In order to create favorable conditions for interaction, both interlocutors should be aware of how communication act emerges. First, the speaker is codifying the information, which is proceeded by sending the message to the listener. Further, the latter is decoding this message and perceives this information.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pragmatic Failure in Successful Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Successful communication occurs, when both the message encoded and decoded are of the similar content and force. For successful communication the English philosopher Paul Grice has outlined certain maxims of Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner: Quantity: make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange). Do not make your contribution more in formative than is required. Quality: Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Relation: Be relevant. Manner: Avoid obscurity of expression. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). Be orderly. [Grice, 1989] These are the universal guidelines for acquiring interlocutors’ mutual comprehension. However, in order to achieve better understanding, both speaker and listener are to share common principals and rules in cases, when the intents of the utterance are not explicit. These rules and principles are unlikely to coincide with each other, when we are talking about cross-cultural communication. Everyday practice shows how often representatives of different nations fail to manage an appropriate interpretation of the message in a conversation. â€Å"It can cause misunderstandings or create offence when speakers can understand only the literal meaning of words and do not know the rules of use for interpreting th ose words† – state Rintell Mitchell. [cited from Darmayenti, 2010] Indeed, a considerable damage for conversation mostly appears neither in pronunciation errors, nor in grammar and syntax, but in pragmatic incompetence. The latter is the precursor to pragmatic failure, which, as Jenny Thomas defines, means â€Å"the inability to understand what is meant by what is said†. [Thomas, 1983] Pragmatic failure may constitute two subtypes, which are inextricably linked and sometimes cannot be considered separately. Thus, pragmatic failure includes pragmalinguistic and sociolinguistic failure. Pragmalinguistic failure By the definition of Thomas, â€Å"pragmalinguistic failure occurs when the pragmatic force mapped by S onto a given utterance is systematically different from the force most frequently assigned to it by native speakers of the target language, or when speech act strategies are inappropriately transferred from L1 to L2†. [Thomas, 1983]Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hence, pragmalinguistic failure is connected to the language itself, when it occurs that the words and expressions are transferred from native language to the target language without taking their pragmatic meaning into consideration. There are several types of pragmalinguistic failure, which consider inappropriate transfer of expressions, speech act strategies and target language expressions. [Darmayenti, 2010] The first instance conveys the fictitious translation of expression from the native language into the target language. Taking the conversation between an Englishman and a Russian as a demonstrative model, one may observe where the pragmalinguistic failure occurs. E: How do you do? (saying it in Russian) R: Frankly speaking, not very well. Some family problems are worsening conditions at work and†¦ it seems I have a bad luck. (answering in Russi an) Pragmatically competent people are aware of the fact that expression â€Å"How do you do?†, unlike the expression â€Å"How are you doing?†, does not demand the detailed response about how the listener feels etc. The â€Å"How do you do?† utterance is a manner of formal greeting between the acquaintances and traditional response to this expression would be the same â€Å"How do you do?† Obviously, the Englishman, intending to greet the Russian in a respective way, has simply translated the expression from the native language into the target language and did not consider the fact, that there is no actual expression to correspond to â€Å"How do you do† in Russian. Naturally, answering the question, the Russian started describing his life and the Englishman, in his turn, has been surprised to hear extensive information. The second instance of pragmalinguistic failure lies in inappropriate transfer of speech act strategies. The theory of speech ac ts, developed by J.Austin and J.Searle differentiates several groups of utterances that have communicative force (e.g. performative, expressive, directive expressions, etc). [Searle, 1976] The failure conveys incorrect application of these utterances, when some communicative norms and conventions from the native language are being automatically transferred to the speech in target language.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pragmatic Failure in Successful Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Situation: Somebody (a Russian) set on the Englishman’s foot. The Englishmen says â€Å"Excuse me†. The Russian is embarrassed. This elementary instance illustrates, that English politeness formulas, applied in the majority of situations even when the speaker is â€Å"a victim†, are not commonly used in Russian language. The last sample of pragmalinguistic failure one can observe in inappropriate use of target language expressions. This kind of failure occurs, when a speaker applies direct translation from native language into the target language, often applying the words-equivalents, which may or may not have the same semantic meaning. Let us consider the situation with the Russian- and English-speakers. R: You have bought a new dress!! E: Yes, just yesterday! R: Oh, you’re so extravagant!.. E: (offended)Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The pragmalinguistic failure occurs while using the word â€Å"extravagant† for this word exists both in Russian and English language and is confusing due to different semantics. In Russian this word has a positive connotation and means â€Å"exquisite, elegant†, while in English the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines it as â€Å"spending a lot more money or using a lot more of sth than you can afford or than is necessary†. Hence, these instances reinforce how ineffective and at times offensive communication may become due to pragmalinguistic failures, which is caused solely by pragmalinguistic incompetence. In order to succeed in cross-cultural communication, the speaker should be aware of at least elementary communicative conventions of the target language. The speaker should be competent in basic expressions in order not to induce misunderstandings or offences during conversation. Sociolinguistic failure In comparison with pragmalinguistic failure, so ciolinguistic one are directly connected to cultural peculiarities and, by Thomas’s definition, is described as â€Å"social conditions placed on language use’ being based on ‘†¦cross-culturally different perceptions of what constitutes appropriate linguistic behavior†. This conveys that the speaker is not familiar with social and cultural conventions of the target language speakers. [Thomas, 1995] Common English-Russian sociolinguistic failures rise upon the taboo topics, politeness conventions, and familiarity. Thus, the expressions used in Russian can be considered offensive, interfering within personal space, or simply impolite. It is widely common among Russian people to ask acquaintances about some private life details of the interlocutor, which, in their turn, the Englishmen would regard as lack of manners and the performance of familiarity quality. [Amaya, 2008] Naturally, the latter is closely linked to the mentality and worldview of each nat ion for the brought up from generation to generation concepts about people and environment bear considerable differences. For instance, in this paper I am analyzing some communicative conventions and problems, arising around them, of the two nationalities – English and Russian. Here the comparison is really topical, because the two languages belong to different language groups: English belongs to Germanic group and Russian – to Slavonic; as well as the nations are representatives of different roots, which makes the research substantial. Turning back to the topic of sociolinguistic failures, it is also reasonable to mention that some uncomfortable situations can be induced by the Englishmen’s extensive politeness. At times, the speech is so euphemistical that for a representative of other nation it is almost impossible to define communicative offence of the utterance. Moreover, the Englishmen consider their speech polite and corresponding to all etiquette standar ds for they have a tradition of modest response. On the expressions of gratitude, praise, and compliment Englishmen usually react very moderately and politely, undermining personal properties in order to sound appropriately. Further, Thomas differentiates that there also are â€Å"sociopragmatic† judgements, concerning the size of imposition, cost/benefit, social distance, and relative rights and obligations. [Thomas, 1995] Russian learners of English language may use certain communication strategies, not taking into consideration the social status of the interlocutor, conditions, in which the conversation is being realized, and time peculiarities. On all of these factors described above it is important to reflect for, disregarding them, the interlocutors may also face a pragmatic failure. Main Reasons for Pragmatic Failure As it has been already underlined, the main reason for unsuccessful communication is pragmatic incompetence of the interlocutors. Here, it is important to consider, that pragmatic knowledge is not easily acquired with grammar knowledge only. Pragmatic knowledge is a complex part of language learning and involves extensive explanations to the utterances of English, their usage peculiarities and broad cultural context. Exactly when applying the latter to language learning, a person may be sure of considerable achievements in pragmatic field. [Wierzbicka, 1991]  While teaching and learning, accordingly, it is reasonable to combine the acquisition of linguistic general information, rules, and norms with the cultural information that would be thoroughly combined together. In such a way students could gradually get some pragmatic knowledge while not forgetting about the structure and rules of the language itself.  Due to the necessity in knowledge about culture in order to gain some pragmatic competence, it is logical, that the second main reason for pragmatic failure occurrence is cultures differentiations. Chen Starosta define that â€Å"a culture is a complex set of shared beliefs, values and concepts which enables a group to make sense of its life and which provides it with directions for how to live.(1998, 54) [cited from Darmayenti, 2010]  Indeed, culture determines our viewpoint, sets our prejudices, and shapes our perception. It also largely determines our reaction towards different messages we receive. Cultures are different from nation to nation; sometimes they even differ within one nation and create special cultural subgroups. [Kasper, 1997]  Naturally, language, being one of the culture constituents, is largely depending on it, is facing the continuous change and transformation. Language, like culture, is dynamic, which explains its constant progress and modification according to the society, which operates it.  That is why, due to the fact that language and culture are inextricably linked, one may consider oneself the language speaker only with presence of cultural context, this is pragmatic knowledge about conventions, phenomena, and processes. Generally, the Russian culture may be characterized as the culture of collectivism, where majorly all Russians are the typical Russians. In comparison, the Englishmen are quite individualistic, while putting strong accent on self-separation from the whole society and finding the features of self-identity. Englishmen are strongly interested in personal achievements and self-realization as a person, and only than as a part of society, which also has its own obligations. [Trosborg, 1994] Undoubtedly, that a language learner should be aware of such general characteristics of a nation, whose language he or she is willing to acquire. The learner is welcome to get acquainted to the cultural peculiarities and accept them, broading his or her outlook. Naturally, this knowledge acquisition would occur only through the prism of own beliefs and conventions, already set by the native culture. However, it is important to be exposed to someth ing different and to learn to respect each custom of a particular culture for it was being shaped through time and obstacles and deserves understanding and consideration. Hence, it would be reasonable to point out again, that pragmatic competence while learning language and succeeding in communicating a message in this language is crucial factor. It is impossible to achieve appropriate language fluency without knowing cultural peculiarities of the nation, whose language you are learning. Because of the fact that language and culture cannot be separated, they should be learned in a composite way, through combining linguistic forms learning with some cultural realia. What is more, only being pluralistic and willing to accept and respect the existence of other cultures’ conventions can lead to true pragmatic competence, which would be able not only to make your communication effective, but also make you more open-minded and wise. Reference List Grice H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press. Kasper, G. (1997). Linguistic etiquette. In F. Coulmas (Ed.), The handbook of sociolinguistics United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers, 374-385. Leech, G.N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. New York: Longman Group Limited. Searle J.R. (1976). A Classification of Illocutionary Acts// Language in Society. –– Vol. 8, â„â€"1. Thomas, J. (1983). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics, 4(2), 91-112. Thomas, J. (1995). Meaning in interaction: An introduction to pragmatics. Essex: Longman Group Limited. Trosborg, A. (1994). Interlanguage pragmatics Requests, complaints and apologies. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Co. Wierzbicka, A. (1991). Cross-cultural pragmatics: The semantics of human interaction. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Co. Amaya L.F. (2008) Teaching Culture: Is It Possible to Avoid Pragmatic Failure? Web. Darmayenti, M. (2010, November 2). Failure in Intercultural Communication: Pragmatics Analysis. Web.

English for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

English for Business - Essay Example Non-verbal communication can be broadly grouped into two categories that is, nonverbal communications created by the body and nonverbal communications created by other settings like time, space, and silence. The type of the non-verbal communication to be used depend on the situations and the cultural background of the parties involved in communication. In a communication setting, each party should understand the different types of non-verbal signals used and their interpretations so that they understand one another (Lubin, 2011). Non-verbal communication is an important feature of communication especially in a high-context culture (Andrews University, n.d.).   It functions include repeating and emphasizing a verbal message pointing into the one direction while illustrating directions. Moreover, it can be used to accent a verbal message by tone variation that shows the concrete meaning of certain words. In addition, it complements the verbal message and can also contradict according to different cultures. For example, the head node among the Americans and Africans reinforces a positive message, but among the Chinese, it reinforces negative message. Furthermore, a wink contradicts stated affirmative message but reinforces the statement as positive among Chinese. Nonverbal cues also control interactions, for example, they convey when the other party should speak or not speak in a conversation. They can also be used to substitute for the verbal communication especially if an individual has lost voice tone through illness (Lubin, 2011). They can use gestures like finger to lips to show the necessity for silence, facial expressions, for example, a nod to mean yes among Americans. This type of communication is important in intercultural interaction situations and accounts for the distinctive difficulties in communication across cultures. The non-verbal communication among different cultures can be explained in various means of communication without the use of

The Batek of Malaysia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

The Batek of Malaysia - Research Paper Example They live a nomadic lifestyle and therefore the exact location of their settlements change within the general confines of the area that they inhabit (Bonta, 1993). The Batek language belongs to the so-called Aslian sub-branch of the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austro-Asiatic language family (Lewis, 2009). Until about 1970, the Batek were widespread throughout the region of peninsular Malaysia. However, since then, heavy encroachment for the purposes of logging and farming has resulted in this community being confined to the Taman Negara National Park and the surrounding region (Lye, 2004). In spite of the encroachment and resulting interactions with the surrounding Malays, the Batek have managed to build and maintain a significantly different culture that strays away from the socio-structural norms of their neighbors. The Batek Lifestyle Traditionally, the Batek have lived by hunting and gathered from the forest. Their diet included fruits, leaves, shoots, fish and small game animals lik e monkeys. However, as a result of encroachment and increased interactions with surrounding Malays, they have started depending on commercial foods items like rice, sugar, tinned sardines, biscuits and tea. One of the social norms of the Batek society is to share the food which they have collected by hunting and gathering. ... When this happens, the Batek follow a more formal and ritualistic way of dividing the food. For example, if they have caught a monkey, first the members of the hunting party would eat the offal and the tail, because they cook the fastest. Then the cooked meat is divided into parts so that each family in the camp gets some. The portions are adjusted based on the size of the family (Endicott, 1988). The Batek do not believe in hoarding food but freely share it with camp members including those who have not been able to collect any food. However, there are some things that are considered personal property like a man’s blowgun, radios, tobaccos or a woman’s hair comb (Endicott, 1988). Still it is common for them to be lent or even borrowed without the owner’s knowledge. Since the 1960s, the Malaysian Government has encouraged the Batek to live in Pos Lebir and become non-nomadic farmers. However, most Batek are unwilling to settle in Pos Labir because it would mean l eaving their nomadic lifestyle and their culture. The Batek do not prefer farming since it involves a heavy investment of time and energy before the results may be enjoyed. However, they prefer to work as daily laborers revealing that they accept changes such that they can maintain the important elements of their culture. Reflecting on this situation, one Batek said, â€Å"We Batek are rich if we have a cooking pot, digging stick, bush-knife, lighter, tobacco, salt and fishing pole. Also a man is sad if he doesn’t have a blowpipe. We only want four or five sarongs, we don’t need trousers. If we live here (in Pos Lebir), we need money, if we have money we buy a lot. But if we have no money, no problem, we reject possessions. When we live in the forest, we don't need

Stewardship versus economic decision making in financial reporting

Stewardship versus economic decision making in financial reporting The main objective of financial reporting according to the IASBs Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements framework is that of providing adequate information in order to enable shareholders conduct economic decision making. This brought the debate of whether such objective neglected the importance of the stewardship assessment by the part of shareholders. In the past decade the IASB and the US FASB have been working on a joint project to develop a conceptual framework for financial reporting. Such conceptual framework has the aim of providing a base for developing harmonised, future accounting standards. In 2008, the boards issued an exposure draft of chapter one and chapter two of the conceptual framework with chapter one tackling the objectives of financial reporting. In the exposure draft that has been lately issued by the two boards, it was identified that the objective of financial reporting should be that of catering for all the decisions that capital providers make, including both resource allocation decisions and decisions made to protect and enhance their investments. Furthermore on the underlying exposure draft there is stated that information about the stewardship of an entitys economic resources should be considered as decision-useful information. Hence in this exposure draft it is clear that the two boards shifted from focusing solely on economic decision making, to general decision making, with stewardship being included in such broader definition. Although this move to focus on decision usefulness rather than specifically on economic decision making was a means to subsume stewardship in the objective of financial reporting, authors such as Andrew Lennard still argue that stewardship and decision usefulness should be recognised as separate objectives. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦stewardship contributes an important dimension to financial reporting, which should be reflected by specific acknowledgement in the objectives of financial reporting.  [1]   The majority of the authors who recognise stewardship as a fundamental objective in financial reporting, claim that financial statements should be prepared on the basis of historical costs. This ensures in providing a clear, factual account of the transactions that occurred during the year, over which management had control. Thus reporting on historical cost can aid shareholders accomplish their stewardship assessment needs better. On the other hand, to cater for decision usefulness, especially in terms of economic decision making, financial reporting would focus more on the forecasting of future cash flows. Such objective would be better addressed with valuations based on market values, since they better reflect the timing and certainty of future cash flows. This is leading to the emergence of valuation techniques based on current values, such as fair value. The adoption of fair value accounting is perhaps one of the most controversial issues currently being faced by the accountancy world. Both the IASB and the FASB have been working on this issue for the last couple years. Traditionally, financial reporting has been exclusively based on historical costs. The use of current values, such as fair value reporting emerged relatively recently, and was applied to only few selected areas. One of the areas where fair value had a major influence is in the measurement of financial instrument. Using market values to value Financial Instruments is deemed to be reliable (since markets in these items are well developed) and relevant (because the values of financial instruments can experience large fluctuations, thus historical costs depicts a very poor picture of current values). However, in the nearby future, fair value measurement is likely to be extended to other assets, especially in the light of the fact of the IASBs and FASBs perceived preferenc e for fair value measurement even where the market is not well developed. The IASB believes that fair value measurement under IFRS and GAAP is already consistent. Also, the IASB and the FASB will continue to work together to ensure that applying fair value in an inactive market is accounted for consistently  [2]  . Shareholders are divided into two main categories, private individuals and institutional investors. Although financial reporting is designed to cater for the needs of capital providers, due to the lack of knowledge commonly found within private individual shareholders, concerns may arise on what such private individual shareholders identify as useful, for their decision making. Need for the study: The dissertations objective is to identify the current needs of private shareholders and what they identify as valuable information. The dissertation shall then examine to what extent the focus on decision usefulness and the forecasting of future cash flows through fair value accounting shall aid private shareholders in satisfying their requirements. Research Methodology: The dissertation will be of a qualitative nature. The aim of such dissertation is to achieve a deep understanding of what local private shareholders value as relevant information, and to examine whether the emerging concept of fair value accounting will be providing such users more relevant accounting information. The aim of the study is not to generalise findings but to obtain rich description on the underlying topic. The method being taken into consideration to gather the qualitative data is the setting up of focus groups with shareholders. Such group discussions provide direct evidence about similarities and differences in participants opinions. Participants are not required to answer for every question enabling them to build on one anothers response. Furthermore by acting as a moderator I can ensure that the discussion is always kept on track. Finally, focus groups can be considered as a more plausible solution when compared to open ended interviews with shareholders. The response rate of shareholders to a focus group is likely to be greater when compared to a personal one on one interview, since the latter is perceived as more intrusive. The main limitation of using focus groups is perhaps the risk that people influence each others response. As a result the response of participants can be different than the response that would have been generated from a private one on one interview. Shareholders from two local, listed companies are going to be considered as the population sample. These companies are Bank of Valletta and HSBC. The choice fell on these companies because due to the recent changes to IAS 39 and IFRS 7, fair value measurement had a considerable impact on the banking sector. Thereby, due to such fact shareholders can be even more concerned and affected with the underlying subject. Two focus groups are planned to be set, one with BOV shareholders and one with HSBC shareholders, with groups ranging from six to twelve members. Shareholders list can be obtained from the Malta Financial Services Authority. The sampled population will exclude overseas shareholders, trusts and investment companies, thus focusing solely on local private shareholders. Chapters Overview: Introduction: firstly the stewardship versus economic decision making debate will be tackled, and its effects on valuation on financial reporting will be analysed. The dissertation shall then focus on the emergence of fair value as a measurement tool and its prospective usage. Furthermore fair value will be compared and contrasted with cost based valuation. The introduction will also include an examination of how each valuation method caters for the individual private shareholders requirements. Literature Review: literature review can be focused on two aspects being the debate of fair value measurement versus cost based measurement, and the debate of whether private shareholders use accounting information mostly for economic decision making, or to assess stewardship. Research Methodology: in this section I shall describe how the results were achieved, explaining how the data was collected and analyzed. This section shall contain the weaknesses and limitations of the research methods and methodology used. In the methodology I shall also include any problems that I anticipated and explain any steps taken to prevent them from occurring. Findings: this part of dissertation will contain the information generated from the focus groups. Results will be presented, interpreted and discussed in this section. Conclusion: this part will provide concluding insights on the research, and recommendations of other research questions that can be tackled to improve the research on the area. The main questions to be answered in this section are: what has been learnt from the results? How can this knowledge be used? What are the shortcomings of the research? Bibliography: Accounting Standards Board. (2007). STEWARDSHIP/ACCOUNTABILITY AS AN OBJECTIVE OF FINANCIAL REPORTING A comment on the IASB/FASB Conceptual Framework Project. UK: Accounting Standards Board. Alan Bryman, E. B. (2007). Business Research Methods 2 edition. UK: Oxford University Press. Doron Nissim, S. P. (2007). ON THE APPLICATION OF FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING. Columbia Univesity. Lennard, A. (2008). Stewardship and the objectives of financial statements: a comment on IASBs Preliminary Views on an improved Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. UK: Accounting Standards Board. RONEN, J. (2008). To Fair Value or Not to Fair Value: A Broader Perspective. Accounting Foundation , Sydney. Schmidt, S. (2004). Fair Value Accounting. US: Governors of Federal Reserve System. Whittington, G. (2008). Fair Value and the IASB/FASB Conceptual Framework Project: An Alternative View . Cambridge: University of Cambridge.

Civil War Poetry Essay -- Pablo Neruda Poets Literature Essays

Civil War Poetry The American Civil War and the Spanish Civil War were primarily wars of principle. The conflicts represented a critical point for each respective nation, a time of either death or continuation for the countries. Both Whitman and Neruda exibit a key shared element in the poets' works of the concept of a cosmic rebirth illustrated in their poetry through a celebration of the perpetual cycle of life and death fostering optimism. This mutual philosophy is manifested in Neruda and Whitman's poetry in several interesting ways. One of the most striking biographical parallels between the two poets originates from their direct involvement in civil war. Whitman served as a nurse in war hospitals during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and his poem Drum Taps, published just after the war ended, chronicles his war experience and serves as a record of the conflict. Nearly seventy years later, Pablo Neruda found himself entangled in a different intra-national conflict, the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Neruda served as Chilean consul to Spain in the Republican capital city of Madrid during its bombardment by Federalist forces and later rallied for the Republican cause after being removed from his position. Neruda's poem Spain in the Heart: Hymn to the Glories of the People at War, published as the war still raged in 1937, follows in the tradition of Whitman's Drum Taps, offering an intimate eye witness account of civil war. Through the volumes of Drum Taps and Spain in the Heart, Whitman and Neruda offer poetic responses to their profound experiences during civil war, depicting the potential rebirth of society out of the destruction of war through the victory of democracy. Within thes... ...ope emerging from their tragic but crucial deaths. Neruda represented Whitman's men so intimately tied to the land in the metaphor for renewal out of destruction. The poets in "Eighteen Sixty-One" and "Arrival in Madrid of the International Brigade" assume the role of the voice and interpretive validator of the men using the image of the gathering troops as a vehicle for validating the cause of the conflicts while lamenting the heroic loss of such good men. By intimately connecting with the soldiers through solidarity, the recognition of their sacrifice assumes a more profound significance. The portrait of the soldiers presents these men as heroes who will be able to bring order out of the chaos. The philosophy of cosmic rebirth that Neruda and Whitman share unites the work of the men as it is expressed through their common experience of civil war.

Posting on Reading Essay

Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How education is valued and how it is tied up with culture and the structure of society is the focus of the article. Moreover, several factors that encourage people to attend higher education are also explored in the article. For instance, several examples about the South Korean culture were revealed in the article in order to emphasize how the view of education changes depending on the culture. For the South Koreans, education is seen as a status symbol and not a stepping-stone to acquire a job in the future. The good thing about it though is that statistics has shown that the percentage of dropouts is less in areas that believe in the relationship between education and societal value.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People from different walks of life have varying points of view regarding education. A survey conducted in order to determine the reasons why people choose to attend higher education reveals that reputation or culture and the enhancement of an individual’s disposition are the topmost reasons why people value their education. At this point, people view the learning and understanding of the English language as an instrumental skill in order to accomplish an individual’s aims to gain a high and respectable social status. Koreans nowadays are struggling to learn the English language, as it gives one a high rank in the social climate. Koreans spend time and effort in studying English that they are willing to undergo rigorous testing just to speak English well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps, the article does not only discuss education as part of culture. I think the issues in this article also have strong connections with globalization. As the world moves to become a global village, people are forced to increase their chances of belonging to the international community. This objective shall only be accomplished through further education. This is probably one of the reasons why education is seen as a form of earning a high rank in society because being well educated and learning to speak English well keeps you in a range of belongingness with the rest of the global community. The Costs of Educational Zeal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The article explores the effects of Korea’s valuing of education to the costs of attending the educational institution. Apparently, with the Korean’s growing value for education and the educational institution’s goals to enhance the quality of education, the costs of higher educations have also reached a high. The reasons underlying the high cost of education in the country was explored under different regimes. The influence of colonialism to the educational system of the country contributed much to the high cost that they require of education. Moreover, majority of educational institutions in the country require expensive rates for their services because most of them are privately owned. At this point, I ask myself, why do they need to pay expensive taxes for education when most of the educational institutions are private?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There was not any change during the Park Chung Hee’s term as president of the country. During this time, education was neglected, therefore there were no efforts coming from the government to fix the problem expensive costs of education. Reflecting on it, education in the country has really become a social status, such that only those who can afford it are able to gain the quality education that they deserve. Moreover, the government does not care less whether the people are able to afford education. This reveals how the voices of those people who cannot afford to attend educational institutions are not being heard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another factor that influenced the high costs of education was what the people called Kwaoe. Kwaoe is the Korean term for tutoring. This service requires large amounts of money that people cannot help but complain about its cost. At this point of time, the government was able to address this issue and ban tutoring all over the country. Throughout the years, noticeable efforts to alleviate the rising cost of education were evident when reviewing the performances of past governments. However, their efforts were not enough to lessen the cost of paying for an individual’s education. The failure of governments to remodel their educational system is understandable, because from the beginning, the faulty budgeting and financing for educational institutions was adapted by the country. What the country needs to work on is modifying the educational system in order to identify its flaws and once and for all end the high costs of education.

The Origns of The Species by Charles Darwin Essay

The Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary defines cultural anthropology as the anthropology that deals with â€Å"human culture [especially] with respect to social structure, language, law, politics, religion, magic, art, and technology† (1998:282). Anthropology, when broken down, simply means the study of man (anthropos: man and ology: study). The word culture comes from the Latin word â€Å"colere,† which means to cultivate, or to worship. When you understand the meaning of the word, it provides you with a better understanding of what the word represents. Culture is something people create and then â€Å"worship† as a way to feel like a part of something. Cultural anthropology aims to study cultures and how they came to form. WHAT IS CULTURE AND WHERE†¦show more content†¦Because many anthropologists at the time were also religious, degradation theory fit well because it coincided with the Bible and the story of the Tower of Babel. Anthropologists also liked to use phrenology, which was â€Å"the study of the conformation of the skull based on the belief that it is indicative of mental faculties and character† (Merriam-Webster 1998:876), as one of the â€Å"scientific methods† to support racism. An anthropologist would use phrenology to say that certain groups of people were, because of the shape of their head, primitive and lacking intelligence. Surprisingly, phrenology is still used today. In a study published at the University of California, Riverside, researchers â€Å"identified leaders’ facial structure as a specific physical trait that correlates with organizational performance† (Haselhuhn, Ormiston, and Wong 2011). Whether it is a nineteenth century anthropologist or a group of researchers at the University of California in 2011, it is still phrenology. Anthropologists credit Lewis Henry Morgan as being the founder of American cultural anthropology or more broadly as the fath er of â€Å"American anthropology.† Many anthropologists at the time were known as â€Å"arm chair† academics, meaning that they studied anthropology from a distance while sitting in chairs, reading, and thinking; Morgan was not an â€Å"arm chair† anthropologist; He went out into the field to learn